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SUBJECT-3 INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES

(1) Principles and Legislation- Law Making Legislature, Executive and Judiciary, Principle of Utility, Operation of these Principles upon Legislation, Distinction between Morals and Legislation. 

INTERPRETATION OF STATUTES- Introduction, Meaning, Commencement, Operation and Repeal of Statutes, Purpose of Interpretation of Statutes Classification of Statutes.

(2) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION- Primary Rules, Literal Rule, Golden Rule, Mischief Rule (Rule in the Hydon's Case) Rule of Harmonious Construction. Secondary Rules, Noscitur a Soclis, Ejusdem Generis, Reddendo Singula Singulis, Utres Magis Valeat Quam Pereat, Contemporanea Expositio est Fortissima in Lege.

PRESUMPTIONS IN STATUTORY INTERPRETATION- Presumption as to Jurisdiction, Presumption Against inconvenient or Absurd, Presumption Against Intending Injustice, Presumption Against Impairing Obligations or Permitting from One's Own Wrong, Prospective Operation of Statutes.

(3) AIDS TO INTERPRETATION & MAXIMS OF STATUTORY INTERPRETATION- Internal Aids and External Aids, MAXIMS Delegates Non Potest Delegare, Expressio Unius Exclusio Alterius, Generalia Specialibus non Derogant, In Pari Delicto Potior Est Condition Possidentis, Utresvalet Potior Quam Pareat, Expressum Facit Cessare Tacitum, Jure Nature Sunt Immutabillia.


(4) Interpretation with Reference to the Subject Matter and Purpose- Beneficial Construction, Strict Construction of Penal Statutes and Taxing Statutes, Construction and Interpretation of Welfare Legislation, Harmonious Costruction of the Statutes, Interpretation of Statutes in Pari Materia, Amending, Consolidating and Codifying Statutes, Mandatory and Directory Enactments and Conjunctive and Disjunctive Enactments

(5) Principles of Constitutional Interpretation - Principles of Implied Powers, Incidental or Ancillary Power, Doctrine of Pith and Substance and Colourable Legislation,Principles of Implied Prohibition, Occupied Field and Territorial Nexus, Doctrine of Severability and Repugnancy and Doctrine of Eclipse and Ancillary Powers. Retrospective and Prospective Operation of Statutes.

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निर्वचन से आप क्या समझते है? इसके उद्देश्य को समझाइये।
What do you mean by Interpretation? Explain its purpose.


संविधियों के वर्गीकरण को समझाइये।
Explain the classification of statutes.


निर्वचन के आंतरिक सहयोगी कौन-कौन से हैं? समझाइये।
What are the internal aids of Interpretation? Explain.


शाब्दिक व्याख्या के नियम को निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से समझाइये।
Explain the rule of Literal interpretation with the help of decided cases.


निर्वचन में उपधारणा के महत्व को समझाइये।
Explain the importance of presumption in interpretation.


साधारण खंड व्याख्या 1897 पर लेख लिखिए। 
Write note on General Clauses Act 1897


हितप्रद व्याख्या को निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से समझाइये। 
Explain Beneficial Construction with the help of decided cases.


'कर विधियों का कठोर निर्वचन होना चाहिए' इस कथन को समझाइये। 
Fiscal (Tax) Laws must be strictly interpreted. Explain this statement


निम्न पर टिप्पणी लिखिए- Write notes on following :
(i) आच्छादन का सिद्धांत  Doctrine of Eclipse
(ii) पृथक्करण का सिद्धांत  Doctrine of Severability



सजातीय व्याख्या के नियम का वर्णन कीजिए। निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से समझाइये।
Describe the rule of 'Ejusdem Generis'.  Discuss with help of decided cases.


संविधि से आप क्या समझते हैं? संविधि कितने प्रकार के होते हैं? विस्तारपूर्वक समझाइए।
What do you mean by statute? What are the kinds of statutes? Explain elaborately.



संविधि के निर्वचन से आप क्या समझते हैं? तथा इसकी क्या मुख्य विशेषताएँ हैं? समझाइए।
What do you understand by Interpretation of statutes and what are the main ingredients? Explain.


रिष्टि का नियम अथवा अनिष्ट परिहार नियम क्या है? निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से विस्तृत विवेचना कीजिए।
What is the Mischief Rule ? Discuss in detail with the help of some decided cases.


निर्वचन के सिद्धान्त 'स्वर्णिम नियम' की व्याख्या इस पर आधारित निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से कीजिए।
Explain the 'Golden Rule' of interpretation with the help of decided cases based on it.


निर्वचन के आन्तरिक सहयोगियों के संबंध में एक निबन्ध लिखिए। निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से इसे समझाइए।
Write an essay on Internal Aids to Interpretation. Explain it with decided cases.


'अर्थान्वयन साहचर्येण ज्ञायते' का सिंद्धान्त क्या है ? इसकी विवेचना निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से कीजिए।
What is the principle of 'Noscitur a sociis'? Discuss this with the help of decided cases.


कानून को सम्पूर्ण रूप से पढ़ा जाना चाहिए।" निर्वचन के इस सिद्धान्त की विवेचना निर्णीत वादों की सहायता से कीजिए।
"The Statute should be read as a whole." Discuss this principle of interpretation with the help of decided cases.


भारत के संविधान के निर्वचन के विभिन्न सिद्धान्त क्या हैं? विवेचना कीजिए।
What are the different principles of Interpretation of the Constitution of India? Discuss.


निम्नलिखित सूत्रों को निर्णीत मामलों की सहायता से समझाइए : Explain the following maxims with the help of decided cases

(a) जनरेलिया स्पेशियेलिबस नॉन-डेरोगेन्ट Generalia Specialibus Non-derogant

(b) एक्सप्रेसस फेसिट सिसेयर टेसिटम  Expressus Facit Cessare Tacitum

(c) जूरे नेचुरे सुन्ट इम्युटेबिलिया  Jure Nature Sunt Immutabillia

(d) रेडेन्डो सिंगूला सिंगूलिस  Reddendo Singula Singulis

(e) डेलेगेट्स नॉन पोटेस्ट डेलेगरे  Delegates Non Potest Delegare

(f)  उल्टेसवालेट पोशर क्वाम पारेयट  Ultesvalet Potior Quarn Porieat


 
साधारण खण्ड अधिनियम, 1897 के अन्तर्गत निम्नलिखित पर संक्षिप्त टिप्पणियाँ लिखिए :

Write short notes on the following under the General Clauses Act, 1897:

(a) केन्द्रीय सरकार  Central Government

(b) अधिनियमितियों का प्रवर्तन में आना  Coming into operation of enactments

(c) निरसन का प्रभाव   Effects of repeal

(d) समय का संगणना  Computation of time


निर्वचन और संनिर्माण से आप क्या समझते हैं? संविधि का वर्गीकरण कर समझाइये।
What do you mean by Interpretation and Construction? Classify the statutes in detail.


उपधारणा से आप क्या समझते हैं? इसका क्या महत्व है?
What do you mean by presumption? What is its importance?


निर्वचन के शाब्दिक अर्थान्वयन के नियम एवं स्वर्णिम नियम के अन्तर को बतलाइये।
Explain the difference between literal rule and golden rule of interpretation.


निर्वचन के आंतरिक सहायकों की क्या भूमिका है? विवेचना कीजिये।
What is the role of Internal Aids in the Interpretation? Discuss.


परिनियम के आज्ञात्मक तथा निर्देशात्मक प्रावधान से आप क्या समझते हैं? वर्णन कीजिये।
What do you mean by mandatory and directory provision in statutes? Explain.


प्रत्यायोजित विधान का आधुनिक काल की अनिवार्यता है, कारणों को समझाइये, जो इसके जिम्मेदार हैं।
Delegated Legislation is indispensable in modern times. Explain the factor responsible for delegated legislation.


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