ES उन कार्यों का उल्लेख कीजिए जो प्रतिलिप्याधिकार अधिनियम, 1957 के अन्तर्गत प्रतिलिप्याधिकार के अतिलंघन की श्रेणी में नहीं आते हैं।

Acts That Do Not Constitute Copyright Infringement Under the Copyright Act, 1957

The Copyright Act, 1957, provides exclusive rights to copyright owners. However, certain uses of copyrighted work are considered "fair use" or "permitted acts", meaning they do not amount to copyright infringement. These exceptions are listed under Sections 52 of the Copyright Act, 1957.

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Acts That Do Not Constitute Copyright Infringement (Section 52, Copyright Act, 1957)

1. Fair Dealing for Private Use, Research, or Education (Section 52(1)(a))

• Using copyrighted content for private study, research, criticism, or review is not an infringement.
• Example: A student copying parts of a book for personal study.

2. Reproduction for Judicial and Legislative Purposes (Section 52(1)(b))

• Using copyrighted material in court proceedings, legislative debates, or reports is allowed.
• Example: A judge quoting a copyrighted book in a court judgment.

3. Reporting of Current Events (Section 52(1)(c))

• Using copyrighted work for news reporting in print, radio, or TV is permitted.
• Example: A news channel broadcasting excerpts from a political speech.

4. Reproduction for Teaching and Education (Section 52(1)(h))

• Teachers and institutions can use copyrighted material for teaching, research, or exams.
• Example: A professor distributing printed notes containing parts of a copyrighted book.

5. Reproduction of Publicly Delivered Speeches (Section 52(1)(d))

• Public speeches made at parliaments, courts, or public functions can be published without infringement.
• Example: A newspaper publishing a political leader’s speech.

6. Making of Backup Copies of Computer Programs (Section 52(1)(aa))

• Legal owners of software can make copies for personal use and backups.
• Example: A company making a backup copy of licensed software.

7. Performance of Literary, Musical, or Dramatic Works in Educational Institutions (Section 52(1)(i))

• Schools and colleges can perform copyrighted plays, music, or literary works for non-commercial purposes.
• Example: A school conducting a Shakespeare play without paying royalties.

8. Parallel Importation of Books and Movies (Section 52(1)(b))

• Importing legally published books and films from another country does not amount to infringement.

9. Use by Government for Public Benefit (Section 52(1)(q))

• The government can use copyrighted works for public welfare (e.g., national security, education).

10. Making or Adapting Accessible Copies for Disabled Persons (Section 52(1)(zb))

• Converting books into Braille, audio, or other accessible formats for the visually impaired.

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Conclusion

The Copyright Act, 1957, balances creator rights with public interest by allowing fair use for education, research, news, legal proceedings, and accessibility. These exceptions promote knowledge sharing and freedom of expression while ensuring no commercial exploitation without permission.