11. The grounds for refusal of Amendments.

 Grounds for Refusal of Amendments in Pleadings

While courts generally allow amendments to pleadings to ensure justice, they may refuse amendments on certain grounds, including:

1. Introduction of a New Cause of Action:
   If the amendment seeks to introduce an entirely new cause of action that is different from the original claim, it may be refused.

2. Prejudice to the Opposite Party:
   When the amendment causes unfair prejudice or hardship to the opposing party, especially if it affects their defense or causes additional delay.

3. Delay and Laches:
   If the amendment is sought at a very late stage of the trial or after long delay without sufficient explanation, courts may refuse it to avoid wasting time and resources.

4. Lack of Bona Fide Intent:
   If the amendment is malicious or intended to mislead the court or harass the opponent.

5. Violation of Law or Public Policy:
   Amendments that are illegal or against public policy can be rejected.

6. If Amendment Causes Injustice:
   When allowing the amendment would cause injustice to any party or hinder fair trial.

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Courts exercise discretion based on facts and circumstances, balancing the need for justice with fairness to all parties.