System Concept and System Environment

Our body is a structure based on several systems. It contains respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system etc.

Our body functions smoothly only because of the mutual co-operation of these sys-tems.

System is a combination of two words-syn+histanai which stands for "standing to-gether".

System is an orderly combination or arrangement, as of parts or elements, into a whole; specifically, such combination according to some rational principle; any me-thodical arrangement of parts."

According to Oxford Dictionary, system is a group of things, pieces of equipment, etc. that are connected or work together. For example, a transport system, a stereo system and a computer system.

A system is prepared to achieve a pre-set goal.

There must be inter relation and interdependence amidst different parts of a system. 

Organisation stands for an order or structure. It is such an arrangement of different units which helps obtain a certain objective.

Interaction stands for the method, by which different units or sub-units of a system relate to one-another or function together.

Interdependence refers to the dependence of different parts of a system upon one another. These different sections are connected to one-another under certain planning.

A sub-system in a system depends upon the input provided by some other sub-system.

Integration means an understanding between all the principal as well as sub-units of a system so that they contribute to the attainment of the goal.

Inputs are those parts of a system, which are provided to the system to complete a certain activity procedure.

Output is the outcome of the activity. As in a trade, human beings, financial and material resources are used to produce some articles or services, inputs are provided to a system to get outputs from it.

A processor is the part of a system which turns the inputs into outputs. It is an active part of a system.

A processor is capable of altering the inputs as per the outputs. It means if the specification of the output is altered, its procedure too is altered.

Feedback is such an information which tells how the system is working and on that basis the system can be modified.

Feedback is generally either positive or negative. Generally the positive feedback strengthens the system. It has a regular nature.

The negative Feedback provides information to the controller, which points out to changes.

System components have a temporary arrangement and various components of that system function within a limit. This limit itself is called boundary.

Physical systems are tangible and they can be static or mobile.

Abstract systems are imaginary and intangible.

Open System is a system which relates to its environment independently and receives input from it and returns it and it keeps on changing according to the environment.

The closed system in no way relates to its environment. As a result the changes occuring in its environment do not affect it.

The information system is a system which collects or provides information either for decision making or for the important operations of the system.

Office Automation systems are the latest and the most rapidly popularising systems amidst computer based information systems. These are being used in most of the institutions and organisations.

Transaction Processing System includes all sorts of activities related to trade process ing such as invoicing, billing, order entry, despatch, delivery, store accounting etc.

In Batch Processing data are collected for a certain period and are processed in a batch. Batch Processing becomes more useful when records in a large database are to be acted upon. Many organisations give priority to Batch Processing for the act of billing

Online information system is not always real time information system whereas the real time systems must have online capacity device.

There are many approaches to decision-making. There are also a wide range of fields in which decisions are made. If we look at the approaches and fields concerned with decisions making, it is quite difficult to define decision support system in a plain way. Decision Support System can take many different forms.

Generally, DSS can be defined as a computerized system that helps you in make decisions.

Decision is a choice between alternatives based on estimates of the values of those alternatives.

Expert System is an extension of the Decision Support System.

The Expert System is applied with artificial intelligence which is called Expertise System Shells. It receives the logics of the experts and simulates them.